File Descriptors

Default

0 - stdin (Standard in)

1 - stdout (Standard out)

2 - stderr (Standard error)

Redirection

Reference

Redirect stdout
ls > out_file (spaces optional)

Redirect stdout and append to a file
ls >> out_file

Redirect stderr
ls 2> error_file

Redirect both stdout and stderr
ls &> /dev/null

Redirect stderr to stdout
2>&1

|& was added to Bash 4 as an abbreviation for 2>&

Create a zero length file
> empty_file

Additional

Valid file descriptors range from 0 to 19 on most systems and most of the descriptors are not reserved by the system but test the higher ones before use to be sure

You can see where the first three are by running

	lsof -a -p $$ -d0,1,2

COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE NODE NAME
bash 20210 user 0u CHR 136,8 10 /dev/pts/8
bash 20210 user 1u CHR 136,8 10 /dev/pts/8
bash 20210 user 2u CHR 136,8 10 /dev/pts/8
$

You can find out which ones are being used, and for what by typing

	ls -l /dev/fd/

$ ls -l /dev/fd/
total 0
lrwx------ 1 user user 64 2009-12-08 17:36 0 -> /dev/pts/8
lrwx------ 1 user user 64 2009-12-08 17:36 1 -> /dev/pts/8
lrwx------ 1 user user 64 2009-12-08 17:36 2 -> /dev/pts/8
lr-x------ 1 user user 64 2009-12-08 17:36 3 -> /proc/20314/fd
$

fd3, process ID 20314 was used to create the display

Redirection

Suppose you want to redirect stdout to a file. You could use

	exec 1> $OUTFILE

Now all output goes to $OUTFILE instead of the terminal. But how to undo that, and redirect stdout back to the terminal?

You first "save" the original stdout file descriptor by associating stdout with another file descriptor, say 4

	exec 4<&1		# associate standard output (fd1) with file descriptor 4
	exec 1> $OUTFILE	# redirect standard output to $OUTFILE

Now, all output goes to $OUTFILE as before and when you want to undo that

	exec 1<&4		# restore standard output
	exec 4>&-		# close file descriptor 4

Same thing for stdin

	exec 3<&0		# associate standard input (fd0) with file descriptor 3
	exec 0 < $INFILE	# redirect standard input to $INFILE
	...
	exec 0<&3		# restore standard input
	exec 3>&-		# close file descriptor 3

Same thing for stderr

	exec 5<&2               # associate standard error (fd2) with file descriptor 5
	exec 2> $ERRFILE        # redirect standard error to $ERRFILE
	...
	exec 2<&5               # restore standard error
	exec 5>&-               # close file descriptor 5

Pipes

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	First created Apr 22, 2008 ~ Last revised December 06, 2011